CLASS 10 CBSE GEOGRAPHY COMPLETE CHAPTER NOTES
CLASS 10 CBSE
GEOGRAPHY COMPLETE CHAPTER NOTES
Geography Notes for Class: X [Social
Science]
I N D E X
S. No.
|
Name of
Chapter
|
Page No.
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01
|
Resources an
Development
|
01
|
02
|
Forest and
Wildlife Resources
|
04
|
03
|
Water
Resources
|
06
|
04
|
Agriculture
|
08
|
05
|
Minerals and
Energy Resources
|
11
|
06
|
Manufacturing
Industries
|
13
|
07
|
Lifeline of
National Economy
|
17
|
CHAPTER 1: RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Remember These Points
- Anything
available in the environment and can be used to satisfy the needs of human
being is called as resource, e.g. water, land, air, minerals, wildlife
etc.
- Leaching
is a process which takes place in high temperature and rainfall area. In
this process minerals of the soil are dissolved into the rainwater and
they move down in the soil. Laterite soil is formed by this process.
- Black soil
is also called as ‘regur soil’.
- Manganese
nodules are extracted from Indian Ocean.
- Full form
of UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
- Rajasthan
has abundant solar and wind energy potential.
- Earth
Summit was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992.
- The book
written by Schumacher is ‘Small is Beautiful’.
- Black soil
is formed by weathering of lava rocks.
- Red soil
is formed by weathering of igneous rocks. It looks red due to iron-oxide.
- Land
degraded by gully erosion in Chambal River basin is called ‘Ravines’ or
‘Bad Land’.
Types or Classification of Resources
On the basis of
origin:
- Biotic:
Those resources which has life are called biotic resources e.g. plants,
trees, animals etc.
- Abiotic:
Those resources which do not have life are called as abiotic resources
e.g. land, water, minerals etc.
On the basis of
exhaustibility:
a) Renewable
[Forest, Wildlife, Water]
b)
Non-Renewable [Metals, Fossils Fuels]
On the basis of
ownership:
a) Individual
[land, plot, well, pond]
b) Community
[Grazing land, burial ground, park]
c) National
[Minerals, Forest, Rivers]
d)
International [EEZ – Ocean up to 200 km]
On the basis of
development:
- Potential
Resources: Resources which are found in an area but not have been
utilized. For example, Rajasthan and Gujurat has enough potential to
produce solar energy due to cloudless sky and more temperature.
- Developed
Resources: When resources found in a region are surveyed by engineer and
their quality and quantity are determine for utilization, it is called
developed resource. Technology and capital help in development of
resources.
- Stock
Resources: Material found in our environment can satisfy many of our need
but they are not used because of lack of appropriate technology. For
example, water has hydrogen, a good source of energy, but due appropriate
technology water is not being used as fuel.
- Reserve
Resources: Reserve is those parts of stock which can be utilized using
existing technology. But these resources are not being used and they have
been left for future generation. They are called reserve.
Sustainable Development: Development without damaging the environment is called
as sustainable development. This development meets the demands of present
generation as well as future generations.
Earth Summit and Agenda 21: Earth Summit is an international conference on
environment. It was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. In the conference
leaders of the words discussed about sustainable development and they adopted
21 points policy which is called ‘Agenda 21’.
Resource Planning and Its Steps
Resource
planning is method to use the resources in optimum way so that maximum benefit
should reach to maximum people. Resource planning also means avoiding wastage,
misuse and overuse of resources. There are three steps for resource planning.
a) Identification and inventory of resources by surveying
and mapping
b) Evolving a planning structure to use the resources with
appropriate technology
c) Matching resource development plan with national
development plan
Need and Methods of Conservation of Resources
Father of the
nation – Mahatma Gandhi – said that “There is enough for everybody’s need and
not for anybody’s greed”. We should conserve resources for following reasons.
a) Resources are not found everywhere. They are unevenly
distributed.
b) Resources are limited. Many of the resources are
non-renewable.
c) Resources should be conserved for reducing all kinds of
pollution.
d) Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable
development’.
e) Conservation is needed to protect natural heritage.
Methods or
measurements for resource conservation are as under:
a) Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources should be
avoided.
b) Renewable resources should be used more e.g. solar
energy, wind energy etc.
c) Older technology should be replaced with newer, modern
and efficient technology.
d) Awareness should be created among the people.
e) Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment and
location of industries.
f) Used items should be recycled using new technology.
Land Use and Its Category
Land is used
for various purposes in a country. India has vast land resource. Total area of
our country is about 3.28 million sq. km. India ranks 7th in the
world in term of size. But most of parts are covered by either mountain or
plateau. India has only 43% plain where agriculture is possible. Mountains are
good sources of biotic resources where varieties of minerals are found in the
plateau. There are 5 categories under land use.
- Forest
- Land not
available for cultivation
- Other
uncultivated land
- Fallow
land
- Net sown
area
§ Land not available for cultivation includes barren land, waste land and
land which is used for building, roads, parks, factories etc.
§ Fallow land is that land which is left uncultivated by the farmer.
Farmer leaves some land to give rest to the land. Lands are also left fallow
due low rainfall, lack of capital or seeds etc. Fallow land for one or less
than one year is called Current Fallow. If land is left fallow for more than
one but less than five years it is called as Other Fallow land.
§ Net sown area is the actual land on which agriculture is done. Some
parts of net sown area is used more than one time in a single agricultural
season. When this land is added with net sown area, it is called gross sown
area or gross cropped area.
Land Degradation and Its Causes
Lowering the
quality of land up to such an extent that the land become unfit for any use, it
is called as land degradation. About 130 million hectare of lands are degraded
in India. Following are the causes of land degradation.
a) Deforestation – cutting of trees and forest
b) Erosion by rain water and wind
c) Water logging in low lying area
d) Increasing salinity [salt] due to over irrigation
e) Dumping of urban and industrial waste on valuable land
f) Mining and quarrying activities for extracting minerals
Soil, Its Formation & Factors Affecting Soil Formation
Meaning of Soil: It is an important an renewable
resource. It is upper part of the crust which is loose and fragmented. It has
air, water and minerals contents and it support growth of plants. Bacteria and
other small organisms are also found in the soil which makes it more fertile.
Formation of
Soil: Soil is
formed by weathering and erosion of rocks. Temperature and rainfall breaks down
the rock into smaller parts. After mixing of water and minerals in these
sediments, it acquires the form of soil. Following factors affect soil
formation.
Factors
Affecting Soil Formation
a) Parent Rocks: It determined the colour, texture and
mineral contents in soil
b) Climate [Rainfall and Temperature]: It determines rate of
weathering and erosion of rocks.
c) Topography [Slope]: On higher land thin layer of soil is
found, while in the lower valley thick deposition of alluvium is found.
d) Vegetation [Plants and Trees]: They add organic matter
[Humus] to the soil.
e) Time: Older soils are generally more fertile than newer
soil.
Soil Erosion and Methods of Soil Conservation
Soil Erosion: Removal of top and fertile layer of
soil by the agents like rainwater and wind is called soil erosion. Soil erosion
is a acute problem in India. Chambal river basin is so badly eroded that this
entire area is called as ‘Bad Land or Ravines’. There are three types of
erosion, i.e. a) Sheet Erosion, b) Rill Erosion and c) Gully Erosion [Most
Dangerous]. Followings are the reasons for soil erosion.
Reason for Soil
Erosion:
a) Deforestation – Cutting down of trees and forests
b) Torrential [heavy] rainfall
c) Overgrazing by cattle
d) Unscientific agriculture [Ploughing land parallel to the
slope]
e) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation
Measurement to
Check Soil Erosion:
a) Afforestation – Planting trees on degraded land
b) Plugging of gullies
c) Check on overgrazing by cattle
d) Scientific agriculture [Ploughing land at right angle of
slope – Contour Ploughing]
e) Crop rotation
f) Terrace farming
g) Preparation of shelter belt
Short Note on Alluvial Soil
§ It is the most fertile and extensive soil in India.
§ It is found in the river valleys of Ganga, Yamuna, Indus
and Brahmaputra.
§ This soil has been formed by deposition of sediments in
the northern plain.
§ This soil is found from Punjab up to Assam. It is also
found along the coastal areas.
§ Coarse soil near the mountain foothill is called duars,
chos and tarai. In the plain area, lower parts are called khadar and upper
parts are called banger.
§ This soil is ideal for the agriculture of rice, wheat,
sugarcane, pulses and many other crops.
Short Note on Black Soil
§ This soil is formed by the weathering of lava rocks.
§ It looks black due to presence of magnesium in it.
§ It is found mainly in Maharastra, Gujarat and Karnataka
[Deccan Trap].
§ Black soil has high capacity to hold moisture. It become
sticky when it is wet and develop crack when it is dry.
§ It is best for the cultivation of cotton. Hence, it is
called as Black Cotton Soil. It is also known as ‘Regur Soil’.
CHAPTER 2: FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
Remember These
Points
- Biodiversity: Variety of plants and animals
found in an area is called biodiversity.
- Flora: It refers to grasses, plants,
trees etc of an area.
- Fauna: It means birds, animals,
reptiles, insects of an area.
- IUCN: It full name is International
Union for Conservation of Nature.
- Biosphere
Reserve: It is
vast area having great biological diversity. In these areas, natural
plants and animals are protected for future generation. Example –
Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve in Uttranchal.
Biodiversity [Flora & Fauna] in India
- India is
very rich in biological diversity. There are variety of plants and animals
found in our country.
- India has
nearly 8% of the total number of species found in the world.
- About
81,000 species of fauna [animals] and 47,000 species of flora [plants] are
found in India.
- India is
famous for rhino, elephant, tiger, lion, monkey, snakes, peacock etc.
Biodiversity and Its Importance
Meaning of
Biodiversity: Various
species of plants, trees, animals, birds, reptiles etc. found in an area is
called biodiversity. They are good natural resources. They are important
because:
a) Plants and trees give us oxygen.
b) Woods for furniture and construction are provided by
forest.
c) Some plants are of medicinal use e.g. tulsi, neem,
sarpgandha, aawla etc.
d) Leaves, roots, fruits, lac, rasin etc are collected from
forest.
e) Animals provides us meat, fur, skin, bone etc.
f) Combine, plants and animals maintain food chain in the
ecosystem.
Importance of Forest in Our Lives
a) Forest provides timber for furniture and construction
work.
b) It absorbs CO2 and provides us with oxygen.
c) Branches, leaves and roots of trees protect soil from
erosion.
d) Forests are natural habitat for variety of wildlife.
e) Forest maintains ecological balance and food chain.
f) It provides fuel wood to rural people.
g) Lac, honey, herbs etc are collected from forest for
commercial use.
Classification of Species by IUCN
Many species of
plants and animals are under threat due to over exploitation by the human
being. International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] has classified the
species into following category:
a) Normal Species: There is no threat to these species, their population
is sufficient in the environment.
b) Rare Species: Species with small population is called rare. They are
rarely seen in the forest. Example – Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic
buffalo, desert fox etc.
c) Vulnerable Species: Population of these species decreases to such an extent
that they may become endangered. Example – blue sheep, Asiatic elephant etc.
d) Endangered Species: Population of these species become so small that they
come under danger of extinction. If negative factors continue, they may become
extinction. Example – Indian rhino, black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass etc.
e) Extinct Species: These species are not found anywhere in the world. They
have gone from our earth for forever. Example – Asiatic Cheetah, pink head duck
etc.
Reasons for Depletion of Biodiversity [Flora and Fauna]
Human
activities are mainly responsible for depletion of biodiversity. Followings are
the reasons or causes behind loss of flora and fauna.
a) Deforestation, illegal cutting of trees, and forest fire
b) Hunting and poaching of wild animals for skin, tusk, bone
etc.
c) Construction of dam, road, railways in the forest
d) Pollution and global warming leading to climatic change
e) Increasing human population pressure on the forest
resources
Methods or Measures to Conserve Biodiversity
a) Deforestation should be totally stopped. Instead, trees
should be planted on degraded land and on land where was forest earlier.
b) People should start movement against tree cutting such as
‘Chipko Movement’.
c) ‘Vanmahotsava’ and similar kind of events should be
celebrated to conserve forest.
d) Mass media, e.g. TV, radio, newspapers etc, should used
for creating awareness.
e) Govt. should pass and implement [Indian Wildlife
[Protection] Act – 1972] strict laws against illegal cutting of trees, hunting
and poaching.
f) Various project like Project Tiger; Project Rhine etc
should be started.
g) More National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere
Reserve should be identified.
h) There should be frequent survey and census to count
population of different species found in the forest.
Role of Community [local people] in Conserving Forest and Wildlife
Community or
local people are very helpful in conserving biodiversity i.e. plants and animals.
Many communities live in the forest. Forest is home of many traditional people.
a) In Rajasthan, local people came forward to stop mining
activities to protect Sariska Tiger Reserve.
b) People of Alwar District of Rajasthan have declared 1200
hectares of land as ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’ in which they don’t allow
hunting.
c) In Jharkhand, Munda tribe worship Mahua and Kadamb trees
and they protect them from cutting.
d) Famous Chipko Movement in Himalaya was started by local
community only. Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya movements have also been
started in Himalaya.
e) Joint Forest Management [JFM] stated in India is good
method of involving local community in forest conservation.
Types of Forests in India
a) Reserved Forests: These forests are earmarked only for production of
timber. Grazing of animals and cultivation of crops are not allowed in these
forests. About 54% forests are grouped under reserved forests.
b) Protected Forests: These forests are protected from further depletion.
Right of grazing and cultivation is allowed with certain restriction. About 29%
forests come under protected forests.
c) Unclassed Forests: There is no restriction in these forests. These forests
belong to government and private individuals. About 16% forests are unclassed
forests.
Distribution of Forest in India
§ About 33% land must be under forest for ecological
balance. But, only 23% land is under forest in India. Distribution of forest in
India is not uniform.
§ Andman and Nicobar has about 87% [Highest] land under
forest while in Haryana only 4% land is under forest which lowest in India.
§ Most of the north-eastern states like Manipur, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh etc. have more 60% land under forest.
§ But in Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi and J
& K have less than 10% land under forest.
§ Southern states have moderately covered with forest.
About 20-30% land is under forest in these states.
Short Note on Project Tiger
Tiger is one of
the most important species among fauna. It was estimated that population of
tigers has decreased rapidly in the last one hundred years. Major reasons
identified behind depletion of tiger were hunting and poaching, deforestation,
depletion of prey etc. Project Tiger was started in 1973 to protect them from
extinction. There are 27 tiger reserves in India. Project Tiger has
successfully improved the condition. Population of tigers increased from 1800
to about 3600 in the last 30 years.
What is Sacred Groves?
In India, it is
believed that everything – livings and non-livings, have been created by god.
Old tribal and traditional societies have protected certain species from time
immemorial. Munda tribes of Jharkhand protect Mahua and Kadamb trees and
worship them. People of Bihar, UP worship Peepal, Banyan, Mango, Tamarind etc.
Not only that, rivers, mountains, forests etc are considered as god and
goddesses and they are worshipped and protected in India.
CHAPTER 3: WATER RESOURCES
Important Terms
- Dam: It is a concrete wall constructed
across the river to stop the river water. The storage of water behind the
dam is called reservoir.
- Perennial
River: A river
having water throughout the year is called Perennial River. Their water
source is melting glaciers, e.g. Ganga, Brahmaputra etc.
- Reservoir: Large collection of river water
just behind the dam is called reservoir.
Water Resources in India
- Annual
rainfall in India is about 117 cm. Cherapunji receives highest rainfall in
the world.
- India has
many perennial rivers e.g. Ganga, Yamuna, Indus, Brahamputra etc. Seasonal
rivers of southern India e.g. Godawari, Krishna, Kauveri, Narmada etc are
also good source of water.
- India has
long seacoast. It is more than 6000 km. Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and
Indian Ocean surround southern India from three sides.
- India is
also rich in groundwater resources. There are many natural and man-made
lakes, ponds, hydraulic structures etc found in our country.
Water Scarcity and Its Causes
Water Scarcity: When water is not available in
sufficient quantity and quality for all the people in an area, it is called water
shortage or water scarcity. Water scarcity leads to drought and famine and
claims thousands of lives every year in India. Followings are the causes of
water scarcity.
a) Amount of rainfall less than the normal
b) Over exploitation of ground water by tube wells in the
cities
c) Excess use of water for irrigation to grow more crops.
d) Water pollution by dumping of waste from city and
industries
e) Flood [Water is polluted and become unfit for use]
Multipurpose Projects and Its Advantages and Disadvantages
Meaning: A river valley project having many
dams, barrages, canals etc is called as multipurpose project. It is called
multipurpose because it serve many purposes and solve many of our problems.
Example: Bhakharan Nangal Project, Damodar Valley Project etc.
Advantage of
Multipurpose Projects
a) Multipurpose projects provide water for irrigation of
crops.
b) They control the flood in the river. Damodar River was
called ‘Sorrow of Bengal’. Now, it is a blessing for that region.
c) Multipurpose projects also provide facility for
afforestation and conservation of soil from erosion.
d) Hydroelectricity, the cheapest source of emery, is
produced from multipurpose projects. About 22% electricity comes from this
source in India.
e) Canals and reservoir can also be used for water
transportation and fisheries.
Disadvantage of
Multipurpose Projects
a) Fertile agricultural land submerged under the river
water.
b) Large no. of people are displaced. They have to leave
their own houses and properties.
c) Forest land are either cleared or submerged under water.
It is great loss for environment.
d) Siltation in the dam reduces the life span of the
project.
e) Big multipurpose projects can result into minor
earthquakes.
Rainwater Harvesting and Its Objectives and Methods
Meaning: Capturing and storing the rainwater
for recharging the ground water is called rainwater harvesting. Rainwater can
also be used for domestic and agricultural purpose. It is a good method of
water conservation in water scarcity areas such as Rajasthan. Rainwater is
collected on the roof of house and it is stored in dug well or underground
tank. This water is used for washing, animal drinking, irrigation etc.
Objectives of
Rainwater Harvesting
a) To reduce surface run-off which cause flooding on the
roads.
b) To meet the increasing demand of water.
c) To recharge the groundwater.
d) To reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality
of water.
e) To supply water during dry season.
Methods of
Rainwater Harvesting
a) Collecting rainwater on roof top and diverting it into a
dug well to recharge groundwater.
b) Collecting rainwater on roof and bringing it underground
tank in the house for domestic use.
c) Making small check dams to stop surface run-off and allow
the soil to absorb more moisture.
d) Using bamboo as pipe to bring spring water from faraway
place for irrigation like in Meghalaya.
Different Methods of Rainwater Harvesting in India
- In
Rajasthan, rainwater is collected on the roof tank to store drinking
water.
- Farmer of
Rajasthan collects rainwater in their agricultural fields to increase the
soil moisture. It is called ‘Khadins’ and ‘Johad’ in Rajasthan.
- People of
Rajasthan, also built underground tank [Called as ‘Tankas’] to store
drinking water for at least a year.
- In West
Bangal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
- In the
hilly and mountainous areas, people build diversion channel called as
‘Guls’ and ‘Kuls’ for development of agriculture.
- Collection
of rainwater is also done in Shillong for household requirement.
- In
Meghalaya, people use bamboo [Bamboo Drip] as pipes to bring water spring
water located hundreds of meters away from the houses.
- Tamil Nadu
is the first state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory in
every house across the state.
Watershed Development:
An area drained
by an tributary is called watershed. All round development of this area is
called watershed development. Sukhmajri Village in Haryana is the best example
of watershed development. Attempt made under watershed development are:
- Conservation
of soil and moisture,
- Afforestation
and forest upgradation,
- Water
harvesting,
- Development
of horticulture
- Pasture
development
- Supply of
drinking water
CHAPTER 4: AGRICULTURE
Important Terms
- Agriculture: Cultivation of crops and
domestication of animals is called agriculture.
- Cash Crops: The crops which are cultivated
for trade and commerce and selling them in the market to earn
money, like tobacco, spices, fruits, sugarcane etc.
- Animal
Husbandry:
Domesticating animals for production of milk and meat is called animal
husbandry.
- Green
Revolution: Sudden
rise in the production of crops by using HYV seeds, irrigation water,
chemical fertilizers etc. is called green revolution. It took place during
1960s in our country.
- Horticulture: Cultivation of fruits and
vegetables is called as horticulture.
- Sericulture: Rearing of silk worm and
producing silk is called sericulture.
- Jhumming: Shifting agricultural in the
north east is called as jhumming. It is also called slash and burn
agriculture because tree are cut and burnt to clear the land for
agriculture.
- PDS: It means Public Distribution
System. It is a program which provides food grains and other essential
items [Rice, Wheat, Sugar, Kerosene Oil etc.] to rural people at
subsidized rate [low price].
- Minimum
Support Price [MSP]: It is a lowest price announced by the Govt. at
which food grains are procured by FCI [Food Corporation of India].
- Genetic
Engineering: It means
developing new and hybrid seed by using modifying the gene of the crops.
- Shifting
Agriculture: It is
also called as slash and burn agriculture. In this agriculture forest land
is cleared and they are burnt. Agriculture is done using very old tools on
very small scale. After one or two year new land is selected and same
process is followed. This method of agriculture is very old; and gives
very low production; and also it degrade forest. In the north-east this
agriculture is called as jhumming or jhum cultivation.
- Important
Crops in India:
- Cereal
Crops: Rice, Wheat, Bajra
- Millets:
Jowar, Bajra and Ragi
- Pulses:
Tur [Arhar], Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas, Gram
- Oilseeds:
Mustard, Coconut, Groundnut, Coconut, Sunflower, Soyabean
- Beverage:
Tea, Coffee
- Fiber
Crops: Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Natural Silk
- Cash
Crops: Sugarcane, Rubber, Tobacco, Spices
- Operation
Flood: It means
sharp rise in the production of milk. It is also called as White
Revolution.
Important Features and Characteristics of Indian Agriculture
a) Indian agriculture is subsistence in nature. It means
produce is consumed by the farmer itself.
b) Agriculture is dependent on monsoon rain. Only 1/3rd
net sown is under irrigation.
c) Consumption of chemical fertilizer, HYV seeds, pesticide
etc is very low.
d) Size of agriculture fields is very small.
e) Machines and modern farm implements are used only in
small area.
f) Food crops [rice, wheat] are more important than
commercial crops.
g) There are poor banking and insurance facility available
to the farmers.
Agricultural Seasons [Cropping Pattern]
Agricultural Seasons
|
Period
|
Important Crops
|
Kharif
|
Rainy [Jun – Oct]
|
Rice, Maize,
Cotton, Groundnut, Moong
|
Rabi
|
Winter [Nov – Apr]
|
Wheat,
Barley, Gram, Oilseeds
|
Zaid
|
Summer [May – Jun]
|
Watermelon,
Cucumbers, Vegetables
|
Difference between Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming
Subsistence Farming
|
Commercial Farming
|
|
1. Subsistence farming is done for self consumption not
for market.
2. It is done where population pressure on the land is very
high.
3. Size of agricultural fields is very small.
4. Consumption of chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds,
insecticide etc is low.
5. Use of machines and modern farm implements are less.
6. Important crops are rice, jowar, bajra etc.
|
1. Commercial farming is done for
market, trade and commerce.
2. It is done where population pressure
on the land is low.
3. Agricultural fields are bigger in
size.
4. Consumption of chemical fertilizers,
HYV seeds, pesticides etc is high.
5. Modern machines e.g. tractors,
harvesters, combine etc. are used.
6. Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, tea, coffee
are important crops.
|
Plantation Agriculture
§ It is a type of commercial agriculture which need huge
investment of money.
§ It is single crop farming practiced on large land.
§ Plantation agriculture was started by British in India.
§ Generally it is done in hilly and sloppy area where
rainfall is high and water can drain easily.
§ Heavy dose of fertilizers, pesticides etc are required.
§ Efficient and fast transport and communication help this
farming to connect with market.
§ Important crops are tea, coffee, banana, spices, rubber
etc.
Technological and Institutional Reforms
Agricultural in
India is thousands of year old. It is subsistence in nature because farmers
consume most of the produce by themselves. But because of use of modern
technology and institutional reform Indian agriculture is becoming commercial.
Green Revolution [Crops] and White Revolution [Milk – Operation Flood] is the
result of these two reforms.
Technological
Reforms:
a) Wooden plough was replaced with tractors and tillers.
b) Drip irrigation and sprinklers are now used for
irrigation which irrigates more area in less water.
c) Use of chemical and bio fertilizers have increase
manifold. HYV Seeds, pesticide, insecticides are also used more.
d) Biotechnology has developed much genetically improved
variety of seed which are resistant to drought and pest. They give more
production also.
e) Farmers are now using TV, Radio, Newspapers and Cell
Phone to know about weather condition and according they plan agricultural
activities.
Institutional
Reforms:
a) Zamindari system was abolished by the Government of
India.
b) Small fields were consolidated to make large fields.
c) Agriculture was the main focus in the first Five Years
Plan.
d) Kissan Credit Card [KCC], Personal Accident Insurance
Scheme [PAIS] was started by Govt. to help the Indian farmers.
e) Govt. also announces Minimum Support Price and has
abolished the role of middleman in the market.
Difference between Dryland and Wetland Farming
Dryland Farming
|
Wetland Farming
|
|
1. It is practiced in low rainfall area where irrigation
facilities are not available.
2. More emphasis is done on conservation of soil moisture.
3. This agriculture faces the problem of drought.
4. Jowar, Bajra and Pulses are grown in this agriculture.
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1. It is practiced in high rainfall and
well irrigated area.
2. It is practiced in north, north-east
and some part of Western Ghat.
3. This agriculture faces the problems
of flood.
4. Important crops of this farming are
rice, jute and sugarcane.
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Difference between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
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Commercial Agriculture
|
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1. Agriculture is done only for self consumption.
2. More importance is given to food crops like rice,
wheat, maize, Jowar and Bajra.
3. Most of the works are done manually. Human labour is
used more.
4. Size of the field is very small and they are scattered.
5. Investment of capital for HYV seeds, fertilizers,
insecticides etc. is very low.
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1. Agriculture is done for trade and commerce.
2. More importance is given to cash crops like tea,
coffee, spices, sugarcane and cotton.
3. Modern machines are used in various activities of
agriculture.
4. It is done on large size fields.
5. There is huge capital investment on machinery,
fertilizers, labours etc.
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Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy
a) Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. About 63%
people are directly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
b) About 40% of national income comes for agricultural
sector alone.
c) Agriculture also provides raw materials to many
industries e.g. sugar, textile, food and beverage industries.
d) It also has ensured food security. FCI procure crops at
minimum support price to stock. It also distribute among people under PDS
[Public Distribution System].
f) Agriculture also brings happy, prosperity and development
in rural economy.
Food Security and Methods of Ensuring Food Security
Food Security:
Food is the basic requirement of all the people in the country. But many people
are not able to get sufficient meals at least two times in a day. During
natural disaster like earthquake, flood, drought there is shortage of food all
over the country. Food security is a method to ensure at least minimum quantity
of food for all the people round the year. Food Corporation of India [FCI]
procure food grains at Minimum Support Price and maintain food security by two
ways: a) Buffer Stock and b) Public Distribution System [PDS].
Methods of
Ensuring Food Security in India
a) More area should be brought under cultivation of food grains
like rice, wheat, pulses and oil seeds.
b) HYV Seeds should be used which gives more production per
hectare of land.
c) Biotechnology can be used to modify genetics of seed so
that it can resist drought, flood and diseases and give more production.
d) More multipurpose projects should be undertaken to
improve agriculture.
e) Modern machines and tools should be used in agriculture
like tractor, harvester, sprinklers etc.
f) Farmer should be given banking and insurance facilities.
g) All forms of soil erosion should be checked and soil
should be conserved.
Globalization and Its impact on Indian Agriculture
Meaning:
Integrating the national economy with the economy of other countries of the
world is called globalization. It has made cross-border flow of money,
technology and people very easy.
Positive Impact
of Globalization
a) Indian farmers will have access to internal market. They
can sell their produce at international prices.
b) Capital investment from foreign countries will develop
the Indian agriculture.
c) Globalization will bring competitiveness among farmers
which will lead to commercialization of Indian agriculture.
d) Indian farmers can also use modern technology and
machineries which are now used only in foreign countries.
e) Globalization will also help in biotechnology and genetic
engineering in India.
Negative Impact
of Globalization
a) Multinational Companies [MNCs] of developed countries
will exploit our farmers as Indian farmers are poor and illiterate.
b) Small farmers of India cannot compete with farmers of
developed nations.
c) Indian farmers may not get the international buyers as
quality of our crops is not as per the international standard.
d) Due to globalization, Indian farmers will try to grow
more cash crops and there will be shortage of food in our country.
CHAPTER 5: MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Important Terms to Remember
- A rock
having high content of a particular mineral is called as ore.
- Coal,
petroleum, natural gas are called as fossil fuel.
- Manganese
is used for making iron-steel, alloys, bleaching powder, insecticides,
paints and batteries.
- Aluminium
is extracted from mineral called bauxite.
- Lignite
coal is mined from Neyvali in Tamil Nadu.
- Solar
energy is producing using photo-voltaic cell which made of silicon.
- Uranium
and thorium are used to produce nuclear or atomic energy.
- Copper is
good conductor of electricity. It is used for making utensils, electric
wires, utensils and alloys. Copper is found in Jharkhand [Singbhum] and
Rajasthan [Khetri].
- Lead is
used in cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass and rubber making.
- Aluminum
is obtained from bauxite. Aluminum is used in manufacturing of aeroplane,
utensils, house-hold items, wires etc.
- Mica can
withstand very high temperature. It is resistant to high voltage. It is
bad conductor of electricity. It is used in electrical and electronic
industries. Mica is found in Jharkhand [Hazaribag, Kodarma, Gaya].
- Limestone
is used in making cement and smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
- Thermal
electricity is produced from fossil fuel like coal, petroleum and gas.
- Nuclear or
atomic energy is obtained from uranium and thorium. These minerals are
found in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala.
- Electricity
from sunlight is produced using photovoltaic cells. Largest solar plant in
India is located in Madhapur [Gujurat].
- Largest
wind farm cluster in India is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to
Madurai.
- Biogas is
produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste. It is better
then cowdung and charcoal. Gobar Gas Plants are now being installed in
rural areas of our country.
- Gulf of
Kuchchh has ideal condition for producing tidal energy.
- Heat of
the earth’s interior is used to produce geothermal energy. Hot water
coming from depth [geysers] produced steam which runs terbines to generate
electricity. Geothermal energy is produced from Manikarn in Himachal
Pradesh and Puga Valley in Ladakh.
- Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur
[HBJ] Pipeline is longest in India [1700 km].
- Nuclear
Power Plants in India:
1. Naraura
[UP]
4. Tarapur [Maharastra]
2. Rawat Bhata
[Rajasthan] 5. Kaiga [Karnataka]
3. Ukai
[Gujarat]
6. Kalpakkam [Tamil Nadu]
Mineral and Its Classification
Meaning:
Minerals are natural substance which has certain physical and chemical
properties like colour, hardness, texture, crystals etc. Minerals are very
important as most of the things we use in our lives are made of one or other
minerals. Minerals are mined from earth surface. There are about 2000 types of
minerals identified so far but few of them are very important like iron,
cooper, mineral oil, bauxite etc. Minerals can be classified as under:
1] Metallic
Minerals: Metals are obtained from them.
a) Ferrous [Contain Iron]: Iron Ore, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt
b) Non-Ferrous [No Iron]: Copper, Lead, Tin, Bauxite
c) Precious [Costly]: Gold, Silver, Platinum
2] Non-Metallic
Minerals: Metals are not obtained from them.
Mica, Salt, Potash, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone
3] Energy
Minerals: These minerals provide us energy.
Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Mode of Occurrence [Where are minerals found?]
Minerals are
found in the earth surface [crust]. They are extracted by mining activities.
Minerals take millions of year to form; therefore they are called as non-renewable
resource.
h) In the veins and lodes of igneous rock and
metamorphic rock important metallic minerals are found like cooper, zinc, tin,
lead etc.
i) Energy minerals such as coal, petroleum and natural gas
are found in the beds and layers of sedimentary rocks.
j) Alluvial deposits [also called as placer deposits]
contain very precious minerals like gold, silver, tin, platinum etc.
k) Ocean water also contains many minerals like salt,
magnesium, bromide etc.
l) Weathered materials of the rocks contain bauxite
[aluminum].
Iron Ore, Its Types and Distribution
It is a ferrous
mineral and backbone of any economy. Industrial development of any country
depends on availability of iron ore. Iron is used in making from needle to big
ship. India is rich in good quality of iron ore. There are four types of iron
ore.
a) Magnetite [Contains 70-80% Iron – Best Quality]
b) Hematite [Contains 50-60% Iron]
c) Siderite
d) Limonite
Iron ore found
in the peninsular plateau of India.
a) Orissa-Jharkhand Belt: Iron ore is mined from Mayurbhanj,
Kendujhar, Singbhum, Gua and Noamundi Districts.
b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt: Good quality hematite ore
are found from Bastar and Durg districts. Iron ore is exported to Japan and
Korea.
c) Bellary-Chtradurga-Chikmaglur Belt: This belt is in
Karnataka. Iron ore mined from Kudremukh [Largest deposit in the world]. Ore is
exported to USA and Europe.
d) Maharastra-Goa Belt: Goa and Ratnagiri are important
mining place of iron ore.
Coal, Its Types and Distribution
Coal is a type
of fossil fuel and the most important source of energy in our country. Coal is
formed by burial of plants and animals in the rocks for millions of years. Coal
is used for generating thermal electricity and for smelting iron ore. Coal in
India is found mainly in Gondwana Rocks series of river Damodar,
Mahanadi, Godawari etc. There are four types of coal as per carbon content.
a) Anthracite [Best Quality]
b) Bituminous [Mainly found in India]
c) Lignite [Low grade coal found in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu]
d) Peat
Gondwana coal
is found in West Bengal and Jharkhand. Important mining centres are Raniganj,
Jharia, Dhanbad, Bokaro. River valleys of Damodar, Mahanadi, Son, Wardha have
many mining centres. Tertiary coal [new coal] is found in north-eastern part of
the country like Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh.
Difference between Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Conventional Source
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Non-Conventional Source
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1. These energy sources are being used since a long time,
hence they are called conventional source.
2. Wood, coal, petroleum and gas are conventional sources
of energy.
3. These sources are non-renewable. They will finish one
day.
4. Use of these sources pollutes the enrolments. They are
not eco-friendly.
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1. These sources are new and modern, therefore called as
non-conventional source.
2. Wind, tides, solar, biogas are non-conventional sources
of energy.
3. These sources renewable and can be used for longer
period.
4. They are eco-friendly and clean sources of energy.
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Difference between Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
Metallic Minerals
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Non-Metallic Minerals
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1. These minerals are melted to obtain metals. Metals can
be beaten into sheet or wire.
2. Iron, copper, bauxite, manganese are example of
metallic minerals.
3. These minerals are generally found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks.
4. These minerals are used in metallurgical industries.
5. They are hard, ductile and malleable.
6. When hit, they are not broken.
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1. These minerals do not contain metals. Sheet and wire
can be made from them.
2. Sandstone, limestone, marble etc. are example.
3. These minerals are generally found in sedimentary
rocks.
4. These minerals are used generally in construction and
building.
5. They are not so hard and do not shine.
6. When hit, they break into pieces.
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Difference between Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy
Commercial Energy
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Non-Commercial Energy
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1. Commercial energy has great economic values.
2. This energy pollutes the environment badly.
3. Commercial energy sources are limited in the nature.
4. It is used mainly in the towns and cities.
5. Coal, petroleum, gas, nuclear energies are its
examples.
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1. Non-commercial energy sources are cheaper.
2. They are pure and keep the environment clean.
3. They are abundant [unlimited] in nature.
4. It is mainly used in rural areas.
5. Cowdung, charcoal, firewood, agricultural waste are its
example.
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Need for Conservation of Minerals
a) Minerals should be conserved because they are limited in
nature.
b) Minerals are also not found at every place. They occur at
certain place only.
c) Most of the minerals are non-renewable and finish one
day.
d) Use of mineral produces waste and pollute environment.
Mineral should be conserve to make the environment clean.
e) Minerals should be conserved for sustainable development.
Measurement [Methods] for Conservation of Minerals
a) Judicious use of our mineral resources. It means misuse
and overuse of minerals should be avoided.
b) Public transport system [Bus, Train, Metro Train etc]
should be used instead of personal transport like car and bike.
c) Switching off electricity when it is not in use.
d) Power saving devices should be used. Modern technology
which consume less energy and give more output should be adopted [like CFL
Bulb].
e) Non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind,
tidal, geothermal energy should be used in the place of coal, petroleum and
gas.
CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Important Terms
- Manufacturing: Processing of raw material to
make another valuable product in large quantity is called as
manufacturing.
- Light
Industries:
Industries which uses light raw material and produces light goods are
called as light industries e.g. electric fans, bulb, button, toys etc.
- Integrated
Steel Plants: It is a
large steel plant which handle everything under one complex – from
smelting, rolling and shaping of steel. Ex – Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur
etc.
Remember These Facts
- First
cement plant was set in the year 1904 in Chennai.
- Chemical
industry produces fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastic, adhesive,
paints, dye, glass, soap, acids, detergents etc.
- Smelting
of bauxite to produce aluminium needs very high electricity [18,600 Kwh
for one ton of ore]. Therefore, aluminium smelting plants are located near
the source of hydroelectricity.
- IT
Industry and Electronic Industry includes manufacturing of television,
telephone, mobiles, computers, IC, radars etc. Bangalore is called
Electronic Capital of India. It is also called as Silicon Valley of India.
- Sugar
industry is located in the sugarcane producing area because sugarcane is a
perishable item. It cannot be transport for longer distance and time.
- First
Cotton Mill was started in 1854 in Mumbai.
- Four
famous variety of Indian silk are: a) mulberry, b) tasar, c) eri and d)
muga.
- Four well
known synthetic fibers are: a) rayon, b) nylon, c) terelene and d) decron.
- Three
types of fertilizers manufactured in India are: a) Urea, b) Phosphatic
Fertilisers, c) Ammonium Phosphate [DAP].
Importance of Manufacturing Industries
a) Manufacturing industries are the backbone of our economy.
Economic strength of any country depends on manufacturing industries.
b) Manufacturing industries help in modernization of
agriculture. Tractor, harvester, thresher, irrigation pipes, sprinklers,
fertilizers etc are made in these industries.
c) It is a great source of employment. Millions of people
are directly engaged in manufacturing. These industries also help in
eradicating unemployment and poverty.
d) Export of manufactured items help trade and commerce and
our country earn foreign exchange.
e) Manufacturing meet the basic need of the people i.e. food,
cloth and shelter.
f) Highest contribution to our national economy comes from
manufacturing industries. It brings prosperity, social and economic
development.
Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries
A] On the basis of Raw Materials [Input]
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1. Agro
Based:
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Those
industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Wollen,
Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
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2. Mineral
Based:
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Those
industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel,
Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
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B] On the basis of their Main Role
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1. Basic
Industries:
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Those
industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic
industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g.
Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminium Smelting
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2. Consumer
Industries:
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Those
industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries.
Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for
consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.
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C] On the basis of Capital Investment
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1. Small
Scale Industries:
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Those
industries where investment of capital in less than rupees one crore is
called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools
etc.
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2. Large Scale
Industries:
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Those
industries where investment of capital is more than rupees one crore is
called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals,
Cotton Textiles etc.
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D] On the basis of Ownership
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1. Public
Sector:
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These
industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
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2. Private
Sector:
|
These
industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of
individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd. Dabar India.
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3. Joint
Sector:
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These
industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture
of public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
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4.
Cooperative Sector:
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These
industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials
and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharastra, Coir
industries in Kerala.
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E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]
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1. Heavy
Industries:
|
Those
industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produced heavy goods
in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper
Smelting.
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2. Light
Industries:
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Those
industries which use light and small raw materials and produced light goods
are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
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Which factors affect the location of an industry?
Industries are
not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get
favourable condition. Location of an industry is governed by mainly by the
following two factors.
1. Raw
Materials
2. Source of
Energy
3. Source of
Water
4.
Availability of Capital and Finance
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5. Demand in
Market
6. Skilled
Labourers and Workers
7. Banking
and Insurance
8. Transport
and Communication
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Cotton Textile Industry and Its Problems
- It is an
agro-based and the oldest industry in India. First cotton mill was
established in 1854 in Mumbai. At present, it the largest industry in our
country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country.
- Cotton
textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat due to
favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad,
Suar, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai
etc.
- Cotton
textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms
and c) Mills
- Cotton
textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,
tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
- India
export yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri
Lanka etc.
- Cotton
textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good
quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old
machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f)
tough competition from synthetic fibers.
Iron & Steel Industry and Its Problems
- This
industry is called as basic industry because it provide raw material to
many other industries such as machine an tools, transport equipment,
construction material etc. It is also called as heavy industry because raw
materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in nature.
- Iron ore
mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to
produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in
4:2:1.
- Pig iron
is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger
steel.
- Most of
the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable
conditions. At present there are 10 integrated iron and steel plants and
many small and mini plants. Important integrated steel plants are
Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
- India
produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita
consumption of steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has
low economic and industrial development.
- Today
steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of
production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of
labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a
certain pocket of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and
communication etc.
Jute Industries and Its Problems
- India is
largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills
in our country.
- First jute
mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859. Most of the jute mills are
located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable condition.
- Jute is
used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also
have jute miils.
- Jute
industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to
Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in
international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fiber industry.
Why cotton industries are mainly concentrated in Maharastra and Gujarat?
Cotton textile
industries are located mainly in Maharastra [around Mumbai] and Gujarat [around
Ahmedabad] because of the following reasons.
a) Raw Materials: These areas have easy access to raw
material i.e. cotton. Maharastra and Gujarat are the largest producer of cotton
in India.
b) Favourable Climate: Humid climate is required for cotton
textile. Maharastra and Gujarat have humid climate as they are located near to
Arabian Sea. This climate is also good for cultivation of cotton.
c) Availability of Capital: Mumbai is the financial capital
of our country. It provides finance and capital to cotton textile.
d) Labour: Maharastra and Gujarat are heavily populated
area. Cheap labours are available in this region.
e) Transport and Communication: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat,
Pune etc are well connected by road and rail with other part of the country.
Mumbai port is used to export readymade garments to European Countries.
Why iron and steel industries are located mainly in Chotanagpur Region?
Most of
important integrated steel plants are locate in Chotanagpur region i.e in
Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orrisa etc. It is because of the following reasons:
a) Raw Material: Chotanagpur area is rich in iron ore. Iron ore is
extracted from Singbhum, Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar etc.
b) Energy: Coal is used for smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace. Coal is available from Raniganj, Dhanbad, Jharia and Bokaro.
c) Cheap labour: Bengal, Bihar and Orissa have high density of
population. Therefore, cheap labour is available in this region.
d) Transport: This region is well connected by road and railway with
other parts of the country. Nantional Highway 2, Delhi – Howrah and
Howrah – Mumbai rail route passes through this region.
e) Capital: Kolkata is a megacity which provide capital, banking
and insurance facility.
Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River. Why?
There are 69
jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River. This area provides
many favourable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the
largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj
Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning
jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation
of jute and jute industry.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and
market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry is shifting from northern to southern India. Why?
Earlier UP and
Bihar were the main producer of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills
were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting
towards Maharastra and Karnataka because of following reasons.
a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern
India. Black soil is quite suitable for cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharastra
and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and
modern machines increase the productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern
states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in
southern states.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2,
Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce heat
leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. Use of CFC in various
industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the
sun.
b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into
water bodies pollute the water. Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical,
leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills
the aquatic life.
c) High intensity sound generated by running machines,
siren, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution. It causes irritation,
hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby people.
d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also
degrade the environment. Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water
logging etc. of result of mining activities.
Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and
Degradation
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and
better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of
coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead
of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters
and separate harmful materials from the waste.
e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging
into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of
waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from town and
cities.
CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
Important Terms
- Transport: Movement of people and goods
from one place to another place is called transport. Modes of transport
are: a) Land [Road, Rail, Pipeline], b) Water [Inland, Oceanic] and c) Air
[Domestic, International]
- Communication: Transfer of idea, message, and
information from one place to another place is called communication. Modes
of communication are TV, radio, cellphone, newspaper, magazines, internet.
Communication has two types: a) Print Media [Newspaper, Magazines] and b) Electronic
Media [TV, Radio, Internet].
- Harbour: It is an area of sea which
provides safe entrance to ships. It also protects ships from waves and
storms.
- Port: It is a point on the coast which
provides facility of anchoring of ship. It also provide facilities like
loading and unloading, berth, cold storage. A port is connected with its
hinterland. Seaports help in international trade and commerce.
- Hinterland: It is an area which serves port
for international trade. For example, Maharastra, M P, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana are hinterland for Mumbai seaport. Various things produced in
these states are exported through Mumbai port.
- Express
Highway: These
are 6 lanes best quality of roads. They have been constructed to connect
important cities of India and to provide fast traffic from one place to
other place.
- International
Trade: Exchange
of goods and services between two or more countries is called
international trade.
Remember These Facts
- Golden
Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It
connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality
super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
- East –
West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It
connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
- North –
South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects
Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
- Density of
road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km.
area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state
with very low populaton.
- Highest
road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
- Longest
pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is
about 1700 km. long.
- Indian
railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
- NH – 1
connects Delhi and Amritsar.
- NH – 2
connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Trunk Road.
- NH – 3
connects Mumbai and Agra.
- NH – 7
connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.
Road Transport and Its Types
- India has
one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India
is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.
- Golden
Quadrilateral: It is a
6 lane super highway. This connects four mega cities of our country i.e
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar
[Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar
[J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu].
- National
Highways: These
roads are most important in India. National Highways are constructed by
CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc. These highways
connects important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital
towns etc.
- State
Highways: These
roads connect state capital with district headquarters. They are
constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.].
- District
Roads: These
roads are found in rural areas. They connect district headquarter with
village and blocks.
- Other
Roads: It
includes village roads. They are mainly non-metalled roads. Many roads
have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”.
- Border
Roads: Border
Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. These roads are
constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts
with main country. These roads are very important from strategic point of
view.
Merits or Advantage of Roadways
a) Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than
railways.
b) Roads can be constructed on hills, plateaus, forests and
desert also.
c) Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can take
sharp turns.
d) It provides door-to-door service facilities.
e) Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.
f) It is economical for few passengers and small amount of
goods.
g) Transportation of perishable items e.g. milk, fish,
vegetables are more reliable by roads.
h) Cost of loading and unloading of goods is much lower.
i) Road transport provide link between other mode of
transport such as rail, airport, seaport etc.
Indian Railway at a Glance
§ Indian railway is about 150 years old. First rail was
started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
§ It connects State Capital with Capital of India. It also
connects major towns and cities, tourist places, mining centers, seaports,
airports etc.
§ There are about more than 7,000 stations on 63,000 km.
long railway tract.
§ Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper
administration.
§ Railways in India have three gauge
system: a) Broad Gauge
[1.676 m]
b) Meter Gauge
[1.0 m]
c) Narrow Gauge
[0.762 and 0.610 m].
§ There are various types of train running in India such as
Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Mail and Express, Local and Special Trains which carry
passengers.
§ About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic
is carried by railways.
§ Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat Mountain. It is
an example of best railway engineering in India. It has hundred of tunnels and
bridges.
§ There is marked improvement in Indian railways. They are:
a) Computerised Reservation System, b) Waiting Room Facilities on Stations, c)
Catering Facility, d) Electrification of Tracks, e) Uni-Gauge System
[Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge], f) Replacement of Steam Engine
with Electric Engine, g) Special Trains like Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Jan Shatabdi,
Summer Special etc.
Merits or Advantage of Railways
- Good for
transportation of bulky and heavy materials
- It is
cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.
- Best for
transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
- It is fast
mode transportation.
- Large
number of passengers can be transported.
- Railway
provides various facilities such as night berth, catering, computerized
reservation etc.
Pipelines in India and Its Advantages
- Pipelines
are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined
oil, natural gas, water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported
after making it ‘slurry’.
- Pipelines
are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil
refinery plants to the market [city].
- Minerals
oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery
through pipeline.
- Pipeline
from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important
pipeline.
- The
longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur
and Jagdishpur. It is about 1700 km. long.
Advantage of Pipeline Transportation
- Pipeline
is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e.g. oil, natural
gas, water and milk.
- Construction
of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways.
- Pipeline
can be constructed in forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also
be laid down under river and ocean water.
- Pipeline
can ensure regular, quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials.
- Pipelines
can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment.
Water Transportation in India
- Water
transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there
is no need to construct any route.
- They are
cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials.
- India has
many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. India
has about 14,500 km long inland navigation waterways.
- India also
has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi,
Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
- India has
three National Waterways:
- National
Waterways –
1
Ganga
1620 km. Allahabad
– Haldia
- National
Waterways –
2
Brahmaputra
891 km.
Sadiya
– Dhubri
- National
Waterways –
3
West Coast Canal 205
km.
Kollam
- Kottapuram
- There are
some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal,
b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course, c) Water transportation is
slowest among all transport modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage
also blocks waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian
coast are shallow and we have less natural ports.
Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts
West Coast Ports
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East Coast Ports
|
|
1. West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian
Sea.
2. Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore,
Marmagao, Cochin.
3. Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc
are exported to USA and European countries.
4. Mumbai is the largest port on west coast.
|
1. East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of
Bengal.
2. Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam,
Chennai and Tuticorin.
3. Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like
iron ore, bauxite, manganese, mica.
4. Kolkata is the largest port on east coast.
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Airways in India and Its Advantages
- It is
fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover long distance
within hours.
- River,
hills, forest, oceans etc. do not come in the way of air transport.
- Air
transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters
like flood and earthquake.
- It also
connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. It
is best for north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir.
- In India,
domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’. It covers major cities
of India and neighboring countries. International air transport service is
provided by ‘Air India’.
- Pawanhans
provides helicopter facility. Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher
are also operating air transportation in India.
- Problems:
a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people, b)
Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology, c) Airports
cannot be constructed everywhere.
Difference between Personal and Mass Communication
Personal Communication
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Mass Communication
|
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a) Personal communication takes place between two people
or among very few people at a time.
b) Means of personal communication are letters, postcards,
telephone, mobile, telegram etc.
c) It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and
telephone companies.
|
a) Mass Communication takes place among many people at a
time. Many persons can interact with each other.
b) Means of mass communication are TV, radio, magazines,
newspapers, internet, films etc.
c) Mass communication includes print media and electronic
media.
|
India Trade and Its Types
§ Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among
people is called as trade. In other words, buying
and selling goods and services is called trade. The place where trade takes
place is called as market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts
of world do not have same resources and they do not produce same commodity.
Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic development of a country.

§ Balance of Payment: The ratio between value of export and
import is called balance of payment. If export is higher than import, it is
called ‘favourable balance of payment’. If import is higher than export, it is
called negative balance of payment.
§ Export from India: Petroleum products, engineering
goods, gems and jewellery, computer software, chemical products and
agricultural products are exported by India to other countries.
§ Import to India: Petroleum, pearls and precious
stones, coal, inorganic chemicals, fertilizers, electronic consumer durables
are imported by India from other countries.
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